Indian folk dance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Indian people move - Essay Example People moves are the fundamental components of pretty much every significant occasion of Indian public activity and festivity. In spite of their extraordinary effortlessness, all society moves will in general pass on specific messages to the network they have a place with as to their history or endurance. As referenced in the presentation, one of the significant highlights of all Indian society moves is their straightforwardness. Artists regularly wear brilliant outfits having imaginative structures and images. They additionally wear broad gems which clearly improve the presentation and generally advance. Despite the fact that not old style in nature, Indian society moves are clearly innovative works that contain certain creative advances and stances. These means are generally joined by cadenced arrangement of some crude instruments. In contrast to old style moves, society moves are treasured by ordinary citizens to communicate their happiness on various events. To be progressively explicit, people moves keep up a social point of view as opposed to the unimportant sign of individual feelings. Bhangra: Bhangra is a vivacious people move began from Punjab and is exceptionally connected with gather festivities of the state. In this manner, regularly it is performed on April 13, the day of Baishaki. The move is joined by Punjabi Boliyaan verses and rhythms. The drummer assumes a fundamental job in improving the rhythm of dancers’ developments. The ensemble of Bhangra artists mirrors the common Punjabi outfit. Notwithstanding the conventional turban on head, they wear brilliant petticoat and ‘ghunghroos’ on lower legs; and Bhangra, affectionately called ‘Shaan of Punjab’ was acquainted with Vancouver during the first universal Sports and Cultural Festival (Dances of India). In spite of the fact that Bhangra melodies have been a significant effect on the Indian film industry Bollywood for quite a long time, clearly Bhangra has blended in with western old style music. As Huq (121) calls attention to, a bhangra/hip jump hybrid has been noticeable in the UK delivered rap for the ongoing years. As per the author, the bhangra beats and Punjabi verses have been a significant effect on western universe of music since 1980s. At the end of the day, Bhangra has been profoundly impacted by the different move time frames for the most part due to its powerlessness to amalgamate with different societies and fine arts. For example, as Roy (22) contends, contemporary bhangra neglects to mirror its crude people beginning or other classificatory limits. Clearly bhangra has become a famous workmanship in spite of its Indian beginning as a crude people move. Padayani: this is one of the significant conventional society moves said to have advanced by certain sanctuaries of S outhern Kerala in India. The most entrancing component of this craftsmanship is the ‘Kolam’, the gigantic veil which is the impersonation of some awesome and semi divine characters including Bhairavi, Kali, Kalan, Yakshi and so forth. The covers or chest-covers the entertainers wear are very gigantic with the goal that nobody can recognize the people. In spite of the fact that specialists are profoundly in conflict, the beginning of Padayani follows back to a few centuries. As announced in The Hindu, some are of the feeling that Padayani started

Michigan

In spite of the governor’s beautiful language abot elective fills and endeavors to make an association with Sweden for the advancement of elective fuel use in Michigan, the state is still not even close to where it ought to be regarding utilization of elective energizes. The reasons are basic and complex all simultaneously. Individuals don’t need to purchase vehicles which utilize elective fills in the event that they can’t purchase that fuel at the neighborhood store and nearby stores don’t need to convey an item that nobody is buying.â â On a site for Ford Truck enthusiasts,â one shopper said he couldn't imagine anything better than to have a biodiesel truck or a flex fuel Ford Ranger, however even with the impetuses the state has embraced to advance the utilization of these powers, they are not commonly accessible at the corner store. Likewise, Michigan’s motivations, for example, a 12 pennies for each gallon deals charge credit on some elective powers, don't represent advertise variances that are intrinsic in a framework that depends on just ethanol and oil powers. In the most exceedingly terrible conditions, extraordinary variants of the mid year of 2007, a dry season in significant corn-delivering states could raise the cost of ethanol and OPEC creation games can expand the cost of fuel. Since biodiesel and other elective energizes are not effectively utilized in many vehicles, buyers are still trapped in a Catch-22. Changing to one elective fuel doesn't make it promptly accessible. With broadening as the vehicle makers search for increasingly effective approaches to move their vehicles and spare the environment,â buyers can't be guaranteed that their â€Å"alternative fuel† vehicle of today won't be an outdated paperweight with no fuel accessible in only a couple of years. Interestingly, for all the assaults on the car business, Michigan and automakers are attempting to think of an answer for the earth and for business. Shockingly, the organizations and scientists can’t concur on what the best elective fuel source is.â Ethanol depends of the developing season, propane is as yet a petroleum product and methane is hard to move securely. Biodiesel, a type of overwhelming vegetable oil, likewise requires great yields. With moving climate designs over the globe, producers are opposed to depend on a framework which requires a decent developing season. Besides, numerous activists are currently contending that the farmland used to make corn and soy beans for use in elective fills further adds to the a dangerous atmospheric devation issue by decimating farmland. To put it plainly, Michigan is attempting to address the elective fuel needs of the state and the nation, however until the innovation and creation capacity meet, buyers are less inclined to get tied up with the elective fuel alternative than authorities might want. Cross breeds are famous, however to a great extent doubtful as far as long haul mechanical toughness and elective fuel vehicles just aren’t appealing for mass utilization. Until Michigan can take care of the gracefully chain for elective fills and the dependability of vehicles worked to utilize them, the elective powers exertion in Michigan will be solid, yet not horribly viable.

Upside-down and Reversed Photography at MIT

Upside-down and Reversed Photography at MIT [by Biyeun Buczyk 10] Behind these gray walls, Prof. Harold Doc Edgerton invented high-speed stroboscopic photography, and to this day his work lines the Institvtes hallways. The Edgerton Center (nicknamed strobe alley) now stands as an invaluable resource for students, and its where you can put his invention to work in 6.163: Strobe Project Lab. From 1965, Minor White (a close friend of Ansel Adams) taught at MITs Visual Arts Program until his death in 1976. White was an inspiration to students, and one of them Charles Fendrock 75 continues to come to MITs photo classes to share that inspiration (I met him last semester in 4.341amazing). MIT might not strike you as a photography hub, but if you look in the right places you will find a number of extremely talented photographers ( Hi, Lulu. ;-) ). With this comes a plethora of resources and activities, which Ill try to share with you as concisely as possible (although I really could go on forever). I came to MIT thinking Id put art aside for the next four years in favor of concentrating solely on my classes. To my luck, my freshman advisor, Graham Ramsay, didnt let that happen. As a professional photographer himself, Graham convinced me to take his advanced darkroom class (The Finished Print) at the Student Art Association (SAA) last spring. I had no previous darkroom experience, as I worked only with digital cameras, but that didnt matter. As soon as I saw the sodium-lit image appear in the bath of developer, I pretty much left the planet. A few cameras, classes, and hours and hours in the darkroom later, Im once again taking The Finished Print this time with three large binders of negatives, a taste for medium format, and a project that entails building my own 810 view camera at the Hobby Shop. I guess you could say photography became my unofficial second major. Before I go rambling on about my own projects, I want you know what you, an aspiring photographer, have at your fingertips as soon as you arrive. W20: the Student Center. This is where the magic happens. The fourth floor of W20 is darkroom land. Three darkrooms live here, and I wouldnt be surprised if they occupied a third of the floor space. Looking for digital equipment? You might want to check out photography at The Tech. If you remember from the PSC Blogs, Christina Kang 08 (another one of MITs fantastic photographers) documented the PSC fellows in five developing countries during the past summer. She brought along the Techs Nikon D2Hs. (I will have to warn you now that most of the digital equipment you can borrow at MIT is Nikon.) The Tech has weekly photography meetings where photo assignments are discussed and chosen for the following week. If youre interested, you only have to drop by. Technique is MITs yearbook, or rather, as they call themselves, the MIT Photography Club. People who hang around The Tech may often crossover to Technique. They have digital equipment as well as some very nice analog cameras. Unlike the Tech, Technique has a greater fondness for film. My only gripe is that they keep your negatives until the yearbook is published, but if you dont want to buy film its a good deal. Technique has a meeting 1pm every Saturday, which involves tutorials, food, and photo-geekness. Just like The Tech, all you have to do is show up. On the wing opposite from The Tech and Technique is the Student Art Association. In addition to photography classes (I usually take one a term), the SAA offers classes in ceramics and 2-D art. The SAA doesnt have digital equipment, but they have a Hasselblad, a Mamiya, and a Speed Graphic press camera (OH YES). The SAA also has a studio, complete with background drops and some nice lighting equipment (currently living in the closet). Since I spend most of my time in the SAA darkroom (I practically live there), I feel obliged to give you a quick tour: The giant metal sink in the middle of the room is where the development process happens (I wont get into that in this post). To the right is an enlargeryou use this to blow up your negatives into a viewable size. On the left are the chemicals. The chemicals are conveniently arranged in their order of use (developer -> stop bath -> fixer -> permawash). Photography uses a lot of water. You can see in the photo above that there are two hoses running to two of the trays. A small stream of water is needed to keep the baths fresh, as they are used to wash the prints between chemicals. When the lights go out, the work begins. The dim orange-lit room can be a little creepy at times, especially when youre alone in the darkroom at 4am. This is why you bring music (yes there are some nice speakers in here, but I failed to take a photo of them). Perhaps in a future post Ill go over a bit of the darkroom process if you all are interested. Now, lets get back to those resources Ive been talking about If youre looking for for-credit photo classes and HASS credit, you should check out the Visual Arts Program. It lives in building N52. The VAP has nice equipment (cameras of all formats and tons of lenses) and amazing facilities, however their lab fee is at a premium (its more expensive than an SAA class), but depending on what you want to do it might be worth it. The VAP darkroom is really, reallybeautiful. In order to use it you either have to be majoring in course IV [architecture], or you have to be taking a photo class. However, while the darkroom has a pleasant environment, I felt I was limited in what I could do with the chemicals. They essentially have one developer, D-72, and no toners. But if youre starting out, thats probably just fine. In addition to the darkroom, the VAP has an amazing digital lab, which includes some high-resolution film scanners and Adobe Photoshop. When you are done creating your masterpieces, you can show them off at the Wiesner Student Art Gallery on the second floor of W20. The Wiesner Gallery is sponsored by the SAA and the Office of the Arts. You can pick up an application for an exhibit idea (it doesnt have to be photography) at the SAA, and someone might just let you do it. For instance, Eric Schmiedl 09 just had an exhibit of his photos a couple weeks ago, and now the Origami Club is having their work up throughout the rest of March. If youre around, go check it out! Before I end my post, I want to mention another resourceone that I hadnt paid attention to until last semester: The Photographic Resource Center (PRC) at Boston University. This is *the* place for students in the area to show off their photography at juried shows. Its also a host for many talks related to photography. Since MIT is an institutional member of the PRC, any student can attend the talks or visit the gallery free of charge. On the 28th of February, I attended a talk by Arno Minkkinen (one of my heroes), which was packed and fantastic as always. I hope this post covered some resources (without rambling on too much) that you might explore and find useful if you decide to go to MIT. In the meantime, if youre bored feel free to check out some of the photography-related activities Ive participated in over the past year: If youre interested in alternative printing processes, check out the SAAs Gum Bichromate Workshop, which is held every IAP. Also, if you want to know what I did during 4.341 (Introduction to Photography and Related Media) last term, check out this post.

Protective Gear and Safety Equipment Photo Gallery

Environmental Ethics And Environmental Safety - 895 Words

Environmental ethics can be formally defined in many sources as the study of human interaction with nature. In a business sense, however, environmental ethics is concerned with the business’ duty or responsibility to protect our overall environment. Our society is beginning to become more involved with the environmental movement. Because of this, people are more concerned with the companies and businesses that they support in regards to their concern towards our environment. Some argue that businesses should be attempting to protect our environment over and above what is required by United States Law. Doesn t it seem the only ‘ethical’ thing to do? In this paper I will elaborate about environmental compliance obligations, businesses and environmental ethics movements, as well as what companies have been trying to do to become more ethical when it comes to our environment that goes above and beyond the law. The survival and growth of ‘green businessesà ¢â‚¬â„¢ in the U.S. is increasingly large. Environmental compliance obligations are monitored by the EPA, or the Environmental Protection Agency. Their basic mission is quite simplistic in that they need to protect human health and the overall environment. â€Å"EPA, state, local and tribal agencies work together to ensure compliance with environmental laws passed by Congress, state legislatures and tribal governments† (Introduction: Environmental Enforcement and Compliance, n.d.). These groups all work together to ensureShow MoreRelatedEthics, Public Health, And Environmental Safety3018 Words   |  13 Pageswe define biotechnology and consider best practices in agriculture, both in the United States and around the globe. 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Hypertension As Cause Of Stroke Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(119) " halt smoke and intoxicant, relaxation therapy and dietetic betterments, followed by pharmacological medicine therapy\." High blood pressure is a common and major cause of shot and other cardiovascular disease. There are many causes of high blood pressure, including defined hormonal and familial syndromes, nephritic disease and multifactorial racial and familial factors. It is one of the prima causes of morbidity and mortality in the universe and will increase in world-wide importance as a public wellness job by 2020 ( Murray and Lopez 1997 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Hypertension As Cause Of Stroke Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Blood force per unit area ( BP ) is defined as the sum of force per unit area exerted, when bosom contract against the opposition on the arterial walls of the blood vass. In a clinical term high BP is known as high blood pressure. Hypertension is defined as sustained diastolic BP greater than 90 mmHg or sustained systolic BP greater than 140 mmHg. The maximal arterial force per unit area during contraction of the left ventricle of the bosom is called systolic BP and minimal arterial force per unit area during relaxation and dilation of the ventricle of the bosom when the ventricles fill with blood is known as diastolic BP ( Guyton and Hall 2006 ) . Table 1: Definitions and categorization of blood force per unit area degrees ( adapted from JNC-VII ) High blood pressure is normally divided into two classs of primary and secondary high blood pressure. In primary high blood pressure, frequently called indispensable high blood pressure is characterised by chronic lift in blood force per unit area that occurs without the lift of BP force per unit area consequences from some other upset, such as kidney disease. Essential high blood pressure is a heterogenous upset, with different patients holding different causal factors that lead to high BP. Essential high blood pressure demands to be separated into assorted syndromes because the causes of high BP in most patients soon classified as holding indispensable high blood pressure can be recognized ( Carretero and Oparil 2000 ) . Approximately 95 % of the hypertensive patients have indispensable high blood pressure. Although merely approximately 5 to 10 % of high blood pressure instances are thought to ensue from secondary causes, high blood pressure is so common that secondary high blood p ressure likely will be encountered often by the primary attention practician ( Beevers and MacGregor 1995 ) . In normal mechanism when the arterial BP raises it stretches baroceptors, ( that are located in the carotid sinuses, aortal arch and big arteria of cervix and thorax ) which send a rapid urge to the vasomotor Centre that ensuing vasodilatation of arteriolas and venas which contribute in cut downing BP ( Guyton and Hall 2006 ) . Most of the book suggested that there is a argument sing the pathophysiology of high blood pressure. A figure of predisposing factors which contributes to increase the BP are fleshiness, insulin opposition, high intoxicant consumption, high salt consumption, aging and possibly sedentary life style, emphasis, low K consumption and low Ca consumption. Furthermore, many of these factors are linear, such as fleshiness and intoxicant consumption ( Sever and Poulter 1989 ) . The pathophysiology of high blood pressure is categorised chiefly into cardiac end product and peripheral vascular resistant, renin- angiotonin system, autonomic nervous system and others factors. Normal BP is determined and maintained the balance between cardiac end product and peripheral resistant. Sing the indispensable high blood pressure, peripheral resistant will lift in normal cardiac end product because the peripheral resistant is depend upon the thickness of wall of the arteria and capillaries and contraction of smooth musculuss cells which is responsible for increasing intracellular Ca concentration ( Kaplan 1998 ) . In renin-angiotensin mechanism hormone system plays of import function in maintain blood force per unit area ; particularly the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney secrete renin in order to response glomerular hypo-perfusion. And besides renin is released by the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system which is subsequently convert to angiotensin I so once more it converts to angiotensin II in the lungs by the consequence of angiotensin- change overing enzyme ( ACE ) . Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictive and besides it released aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal secretory organ which is responsible for Na and H2O keeping. In this manner, renin-angiotensin system increases the BP ( Beevers et al 2001 ) . Similarly, in autonomic nervous system sympathetic nervous system play a function in pathophysiology of high blood pressure and cardinal to keeping the normal BP as it constricts and dilates arteriolar. Autonomic nervous system considers as an of import in short term alterations in BP in response to emphasis and physical exercising. This system works together with renin-angiotensin system including go arounding Na volume. Although adrenaline and nor-adrenaline does n’t play an of import function in causes of high blood pressure, the drugs used for the intervention of high blood pressure block the sym pathetic nervous system which had played proper curative function ( Beevers et al 2001 ) . Others pathophysiology includes many vasoactive substance which are responsible for keeping normal BP. They are enothelin bradikinin, endothelial derived relaxant factor ; atrial natriuretic peptide and hypercoagulability of blood are all responsible in some manner to keep the BP ( Lip G YH 2003 ) . The 7th study of the Joint National Committee ( JNC-VII ) on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure defines some of import ends for the rating of the patient with elevated BP which are sensing and verification of high blood pressure ; sensing of mark organ disease ( e.g. nephritic harm, congestive bosom failure ) ; designation of other hazard factors for cardiovascular upsets ( e.g. diabetes mellitus, lipemia ) and sensing of secondary causes of high blood pressure ( Chobanian et al 2003 ) . Most hypertensive patients remain symptomless until complications arise. Potential complications include shot, myocardial infarction, bosom failure, aortal aneurism and dissection, nephritic harm and retinopathy ( Zamani et al 2007 ) .The drug choice for the pharmacologic intervention of high blood pressure would depend on the single grade of lift of BP and contradictions. Treatment of non-pharmacologic high blood pressure includes life-style, weight decrease, exercising, Na, K, halt smoke and intoxicant, relaxation therapy and dietetic betterments, followed by pharmacological medicine therapy. You read "Hypertension As Cause Of Stroke Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Fig1. Algorithm for the pharmacologic intervention of high blood pressure ( adapted from Chobanian et al 2003 ) Normally used antihypertensive drugs include thiazide water pills, ?-blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotonin receptor blockers, Ca channel blockers, direct vasodilatives and ?-receptor adversaries which are shown in the undermentioned tabular array. Table 2: Types of drugs used in the intervention of high blood pressure ( adapted from Waller et al 2005 ) Diuretic drugs have been used for decennaries to handle high blood pressure and recommended as first-line therapy by JNC-VII guidelines after antihypertensive and lipid-lowering intervention to forestall bosom onslaught trail ( ALLHAT ) success. They cut down circulatory volume, cardiac end product and average arterial force per unit area and are most effectual in patients with mild-to- moderate high blood pressure who have normal nephritic map. Thiazide water pills ( e.g. Microzide ) and K sparing water pills ( e.g. Aldactone ) promote Na+ and Cl- elimination in the nephrone. Loop water pills ( e.g. Lasix ) are by and large excessively powerful and their actions excessively ephemeral, nevertheless, they are utile in take downing blood force per unit area in patients with nephritic inadequacy, who frequently does non react to other water pills. Diuretic drugs may ensue in inauspicious metabolic side effects, including lift of creatinine ; glucose, cholesterin, triglyceride degrees, h ypokalemia, hyperuricemia and decreased sexual map are possible side effects. The best BP take downing response is seen from low doses of Thiazide water pills ( Kaplan 1998 ) . -blocker such as propranolol are believed to lower BP through several mechanisms, including cut downing cardiac end product through a decrease bosom rate and a mild lessening in contractility and diminishing the secernment of renin, which lead to a lessening in entire peripheral resistant. Adverse effects of b-blockers include bronchospam, weariness, powerlessness, and hyperglycaemia and alter lipid metamorphosis ( Zamani et al 2007 ) . Centrally moving ?2-adrenergic agonists such as alpha methyl dopa and Catapres cut down sympathetic escape to the bosom, blood vass and kidneys. Methyldopa is safe to utilize during gestation. Side consequence includes dry oral cavity, sedation, sleepiness is common ; and in 20 % of patients methyldopa causes a positive antiglobulin trial, seldom hemolytic anemia and Catapres causes bounce high blood pressure if the drug is all of a sudden withdrawn ( Neal M J 2009 ) . Systemic a1-antagonists such as Minipress, Hytrin and Cardura cause a lessening in entire peripheral opposition through relaxation of vascular smooth musculus. Calcium channel blockers ( CCB ) cut down the inflow of Ca++ responsible for cardiac and smooth musculus contraction, therefore cut downing cardiac contractility and entire peripheral resistant. Therefore long-acting members of this group are often used to handle high blood pressure. There are two categories of CCB dihyropyridines and non- dihyropyridines. The chief side consequence of CCB is ankle hydrops, but this can sometimes be offset by uniting with ?-blockers ( Lip G YH 2003 ) . Direct vasodilatives such as Hydralazine and minoxidil lower BP by straight loosen uping vascular smooth musculus of precapillary opposition vass. However, this action can ensue in a automatic addition bosom rate, so that combined ?-blocker therapy is often necessary ( Neal M J 2009 ) . ACE inhibitors plants by barricading the renin-angiotensin system thereby suppressing the transition of angiotonin I to angiotensin II. ACE inhibitors may be most utile for handling patients with bosom failure, every bit good as hypertensive patients who have diabetes. Using Ace inhibitors can take to increased degrees of bradikinin, which has the side consequence of cough and the rare, but severe, complication of atrophedema. Recent survey demonstrated that Capoten was every bit effectual as traditional thaizides and ?-blockers in forestalling inauspicious results in high blood pressure ( Lip G YH 2003 ) . Angiotensin II antagonists act on the renin-angiotensin system and they block the action of angiotonin II at its peripheral receptors. They are good tolerated and really seldom do any important side-effects ( Zamani et al 2007 ) . Another helpful rule of antihypertensive drug therapy concerns the usage of multiple drugs. The effects of one drug, moving at one physiologic control point, can be defeated by natural compensatory mechanism ( e.g. diuretic lessening hydrops happening secondary to intervention with a CCB ) . By utilizing two drugs with different mechanisms of action, it is more likely that BP and its complication are controlled and with the low dose scope of combined drugs besides help to cut down the side-effects as good ( Frank 2008 ) . The undermentioned two-drug combinations have been found to be effectual and good tolerated which are diuretic and ?-blocker ; diuretic and ACE inhibitor or angiotonin receptor adversary ; CCB ( dihydropyridine ) and ?-blocker ; CCB and ACE inhibitor or angiotonin receptor adversary ; CCB and b-diuretic ; ?-blocker and ?-blocker and other combinations ( e.g. with cardinal agents, including ?2-adrenoreceptor agonists and imidazoline- I2 receptor modulators, or betwee n ACE inhibitors and angiotonin receptor adversaries ) can be used ( ESH and ESC 2003 ) . If necessary, three or four drugs may be required in many instances for the intervention. The usage of a individual drug will take down the BP satisfactorily in up to 80 % of patients with high blood pressure but uniting two types of drugs will take down BP about 90 % . If the diastolic force per unit area is above 130 mmHg so the hypertensive exigency is occurred. Although it is desirable to cut down the diastolic force per unit area below 120 mmHg within 24 hours in accelerated high blood pressure, it is normally unneeded to cut down it more quickly and so it may be unsafe to make so. This is because the mechanisms that maintain intellectual blood flow at a changeless degree independent of peripheral BP are impaired in high blood pressure. However, it is of import to cut down the BP rapidly by giving the endovenous drugs but cautiousness should be taken to avoid cerebrovascular force per unit area bring oning intellectual ischaemia ( Grahame-Smith and Aronson 2002 ) . In decision, high blood pressure emerges as an highly of import clinical job because of its prevalence and potentially annihilating effects. The major categories of antihypertensive drugs: water pills, ?-blockers, CCB, ACE inhibitors and angiotonin receptor adversaries, are suited for the induction and care of antihypertensive therapy which helps in decrease of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. How to cite Hypertension As Cause Of Stroke Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

The Canterbury Tales - The Wife Of Baths Prologue And Tale Essays

The Canterbury Tales - The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale Struggle For Female Equality in "The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale" When Chaucer wrote the Canterbury Tales, the social structure of his world was changing rapidly. Chaucer himself was a prime example of new social mobility being granted to members of the emerging middle class. He had opportunities to come into contact not only with earthy characters from varied ports of call, but with the wealthy nobility. He was also married to a knight's daughter, someone of higher birth than himself, a clear demonstration of a more lenient class structure (pp. 76 - 77*). As a member of this changing society, Chaucer had a keen perception of the attitudes and philosophies which were emerging and shaping the roles specific to people's lives. Among these were ideas and customs which had dictated extremely subservient lives for women. One of his characters, the Wife of Bath, contradicts many of these oppressive customs and asserts her own overbearing assessment of the roles of women in society and in relationships. However, while apparently attempting to assert femal e dominance over men, the effect the Wife desires is to bring men and women to a more balanced level of power. No attempt to change the minds of others with regard to social order could possibly be effective without a statement of the shortcomings of the current order. This is where the Wife may often be written off as a shrew-like bombast simply spouting her dissatisfaction. She does, however, state several clever examples of how her society currently treats women unfairly. She states that double standards for women and men are too common and are deeply rooted in culture. She says that the teachings of Christ tell her, "That by the same ensample taughte he me / That I ne sholde wedded be but ones" (p. 117, ll. 12-13). She knows though that many holy men have had more than one wife and states: I woot wel Abraham was an holy man, And Jacob eek, as fer as evere I can, And eech of hem hadde wives mo than two, And many another holy man also. (p. 118, ll. 61-64) In this manner, the wife addresses and dispels the justification for looking down on women who have been married more than once. She shows that they are comparable in morals to men who have also had more than one spouse. Women are also subject to what would now be termed Catch 22s in their relationships with men. These inescapable paradoxes from which men are exempt are also part of what the wife believes is keeping women subservient. As part of her invective against one of her husbands, the wife explains how women are often put in no-win situations. She says, "And if that she be fair, thou verray knave, / Thou saist that every holour wol hire have" (p. 122, ll. 259-60). She then shows how women are stigmatized even if they are ugly, because then they become the ones with voracious sexual appetites: And if that she be foul, thou saist that se Coviteth every man she may see; For as a spaniel she wol on him lepe, Til that she finde som man hire to chepe. (p. 173, ll. 271-74) No matter what the woman's characteristics, men employ a double standard that prevents her from realizing virtue. "Of five housbondes scoleying am I," (p.118, l. 51) the wife explains in order to show the experience from which she makes her bid for change in relationships between men and women. She also states that three of them were old and rich and two young and wild. The older ones, she says, were good because she could bring them under her control through her tirades against the ways women are treated. Further, once they had passed on, she was left with enough property and wealth to ensure that she was comfortable. But she does not achieve her goal until later when she actually fights with her fifth husband and, by requiring him to admit her dominance, brings them to an even level in their relationship. The wife explains that the fifth husband was particularly cruel in his assessment of wives. He also asserted his dominance over

To investigate a factor which will affect, the resistance of wire Essays

To investigate a factor which will affect, the resistance of wire Essays To investigate a factor which will affect, the resistance of wire Essay To investigate a factor which will affect, the resistance of wire Essay Aim: to investigate a factor which will affect, the resistance of wire.There are four different factors we could choose to vary:-1. Thickness/diameter of the wire2. Length of wire3. Material of wire4. temperature of wireWe decided to change the factor length because it allows us to get continuous data in a large range. It is also the easiest to vary. I decided against Diameter of wire because it is hard to compare to resistance (they cannot be plotted against one another because as resistance goes up the thickness goes down), I also decided not to vary the material the wire is made of because it would give us discrete data which is hard to analyse. Temperature is a very bad variable because it is so hard to control; the circuit will increase in temperature whatever I do, so I need to take that into account.RESISTANCEResistance is anything in the circuit which slows the flow down. We know that Length affects this because as length increases so does resistance. Ohms Law, Potential Difference (V) across a conductor is directly proportional to the current (I) flowing through it, providing the temperature is the same.R=V/I resistance= voltage/currentResistivity: p=RA/lResistivity=resistance X cross section of the wire / length of wirePRELIMINARY REULTSWe did a short preliminary experiment to see how the resistance affected the temperature of the wire, when we put one crocodile clip at 0mm and one at 100mm the wire got so hot it began to burn and give off smoke. From this preliminary experiment we decided not to take any measurements under 100mm because it could become unsafe.RANGE OF RESULTSWe have decided to take results at 100mm, 200mm, 300mm, 400mm, 500mm, 600mm, 700mm, 800mm and 900mm we shall take each measurement twice. This should give us a wide enough range of results to plot on Graphs we will also re-do any anomalous resultsPREDICTIONI predict that as the length increases so will the Resistance because Ohms law states that potential difference is directly proportional to current and the current will increase as the length of the wire increases because there will be more resistance on it (it will be more spread out, current is carried by electrons in metals)SAFE TESTTo make sure everything is safe whilst carrying out the experiment safety goggles must be worn and the wire must not be touched while current is flowing round it and shortly after because it will be hot.FAIR TESTTo make sure the investigation is fair, we will use the same equipment each time, monitor the temperature (if the wire start to give off smoke we will stop and give it time to cool down to reduce anomalies) and we will measure our wire using a micrometer to check the width before doing any equations.EQUIPEMENTPower pack, to power our experiment so current flows through the wire.Ammeter, to measure the current flowing round our circuit.Voltmeter, to measure the voltage of our circuit.1m Nicrome Wire, to test.Wire, to put, our circuit together with.Metre rule, to measure the lengths of wires.Crocodile clips, to hold wires in place.DIAGRAMMETHOD1. set up apparatus as above2. Put crocodile clips at 0mm and 900mm3. Turn power pack on4. record Current and Volts5. Turn off Power pack6. Repeat steps 1-47. Repeat steps 2-6 but with 800mm.700mm, 600mm,500mm,400mm,300mm,200mm and 100mmWe can clearly see my results are correct because the constant is constant. To make our results accurate we used the same equipment each time, kept an eye on the temperature(When the wire started to give off smoke we stopped and give it time to cool down to reduce anomalies), we used digital a digital ammeter and voltmeter to reduce human error and we measured our wire using a micrometer to check the width before doing any equations. The width was 26mgs which is : 0.45 mm.ANAYLSISWe can clearly se that our graph supports our prediction, As the length increases so does the resistance, this tells us that Length and resistance are directly proportional. We can now work out the resistivity of the different lengths of wire:100mmResistivity=0.785 x 0.45100Resistivity=0.00353200mmResistivity=1.49 x 0.45200Resistivity= 0.00335300mmResistivity=2.11 x 0.45300Resistivity= 0.00352400mmResistivity=1.34 x 0.45400Resistivity= 0.00151500mmResistivity= 1.055 x 0.45500Resistivity= 0.00095600mmResistivity= 0.88 x 0.45600Resistivity= 0.00066700mmResistivity=0.81 x 0.45700Resistivity= 0.00052800mmResistivity=0.71 x 0.45800Resistivity=0.00040900mmResistivity= 0.62 x 0.45900Resistivity= 0.00031EVALUATIONOnly one anomalous result was obvious whilst carrying out our investigation (at 700mm) so we went back and did it again. Unfortunately when looking at my graph it seems there were more anomalies, I have circled them in the table and on the graph. I think the anomalies may have occurred because our battery pack broke and we had to get a replacement. Apart from the battery pack everything else went safely and well. Our preliminary experiments allowed us to make sure the wire did not get too hot which meant we did not get any anomalies around 100mm and that we were safer. I think our range was big enough but if we had more time I would have liked to done another repeat and possibly take measurements at 50mm intervals to achieve a greater range of results.I thought our results were really good they clearly supported our prediction that as length increases so does resistance. If I was to further this experiment I would use different metals and see which had the best resistivity, I would not use a metre rule because it was easy for human error to occur as it was not particularly detailed perhaps a digital measuring device would have been better. I might also try a different variable such as diameter of wire to see how that affected the resistance. Overall I was very pleased with our investigation and think that we did all we could to do it well.

Biography of Artist Louise Bourgeois

Biography of Artist Louise Bourgeois Second generation surrealist and feminist sculptor Louise Bourgeois was one of the most important American artists of the late twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Similar to other second-generation Surrealist artists like Frida Kahlo, she channeled her pain into the creative concepts of her art. These highly charged feelings produced hundreds of sculptures, installations, paintings, drawings and fabric pieces in numerous materials. Her environments, or cells, might include traditional marble and bronze sculptures alongside common castoffs (doors, furniture, clothes and empty bottles). Each artwork poses questions and irritates with ambiguity. Her goal was to provoke emotional reactions rather than reference intellectual theory. Often disturbingly aggressive in her suggestive sexual shapes (a distressed phallic image called Fillette/Young Girl, 1968, or multiple latex breasts in The Destruction of the Father, 1974), Bourgeois invented gendered metaphors well before Feminism took roo t in this country. Early Life Bourgeois was born on Christmas Day in Paris to Josà ©phine Fauriaux and Louis Bourgeois, the second of three children. She claimed that she was named after Louise Michel (1830-1905), an anarchist feminist from the days of the French Commune (1870-71). Bourgeois mothers family came from Aubusson, the French tapestry region, and both her parents owned an antique tapestry gallery at the time of her birth. Her father was drafted into World War I (1914-1918), and her mother frantically lived through those years, infecting her toddler daughter with great anxieties. After the war, the family settled in Choisy-le-Roi, a suburb of Paris, and ran a tapestry restoration business. Bourgeois remembered drawing the missing sections for their restoration work. Education Bourgeois did not choose art as her vocation right away. She studied math and geometry at the Sorbonne from 1930 to 1932. After her mothers death in 1932, she switched to art and art history. She completed a baccalaureate in philosophy. From 1935 to 1938, she studied art in several schools: the Atelier Roger Bissià ¨re, the Acadà ©mie dEspagnat, the École du Louvre, Acadà ©mie de la Grande Chaumià ¨re and École Nationale Supà ©rieure des Beaux-Arts, the École Muncipale de Dessin et dArt, and the Acadà ©mie Julien. She also studied with the Cubist master Fernand Là ©ger in 1938. Là ©ger recommended sculpture to his young student. That same year, 1938, Bourgeois opened a print shop next to her parents business, where she met art historian Robert Goldwater (1907-1973). He was looking for Picasso prints. They married that year and Bourgeois moved to New York with her husband. Once settled in New York, Bourgeois continued to study art in Manhattan with Abstract Expressionist Vaclav Vytlacil (1892-1984), from 1939 to 1940, and at the Art Students League in 1946. Family and Career In 1939, Bourgeois and Goldwater returned to France to adopt their son Michel. In 1940, Bourgeois gave birth to their son Jean-Louis and in 1941, she gave birth to Alain. (No wonder she created a series Femme-Maison in 1945-47, houses in the shape of a woman or attached to a woman. In three years she became the mother of three boys. Quite a challenge.) On June 4, 1945, Bourgeois opened her first solo exhibition at Bertha Schaefer Gallery in New York. Two years later, she mounted another solo show at Norlyst Gallery in New York. She joined the American Abstract Artists Group in 1954. Her friends were Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Mark Rothko and Barnett Newman, whose personalities interested her more than the Surrealist à ©migrà ©s she met during her early years in New York. Through these tempestuous years among her male peers, Bourgeois experienced the typical ambivalence of the career-minded wife and mother, fighting off anxiety-attacks while preparing for her shows. To restore equilibrium, she often hid her work but never destroyed it. In 1955, Bourgeois became an American citizen. In 1958, she and Robert Goldwater moved to the Chelsea section of Manhattan, where they remained to the end of their respective lives. Goldwater died in 1973, while consulting on the Metropolitan Museum of Arts new galleries for African and Oceanic art (todays Michael C. Rockefeller Wing). His specialty was primitivism and modern art as a scholar, teacher at NYU, and the first director of the Museum of Primitive Art (1957 to 1971). In 1973, Bourgeois began to teach at Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, Cooper Union in Manhattan, Brooklyn College and the New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting and Sculpture. She was already in her 60s. At this point, her work fell in with the Feminist movement and exhibition opportunities increased significantly. In 1981, Bourgeois mounted her first retrospective at the Museum of Modern Art. Almost 20 years later, in 2000, she exhibited her enormous spider, Maman (1999), 30 feet high, in the Tate Modern in London. In 2008, the Guggenheim Museum in New York and Centre Pompidou in Paris exhibited another retrospective. Today, exhibitions of Louise Bourgeois work may occur simultaneously as her work is always in great demand. The Dia Museum in Beacon, New York, features a long-term installation of her phallic sculptures and a spider. Bourgeois Confessional Art Louise Bourgeois body of work draws its inspiration from her memory of childhood sensations and traumas. Her father was domineering and a philanderer. Most painful of all, she discovered his affair with her English nanny. Destruction of the Father, 1974, plays out her revenge with a pink plaster and latex ensemble of phallic or mammalian protrusions gathered around a table where the symbolic corpse lies, splayed out for all to devour. Similarly, her Cells are architectural scenes with made and found objects tinged with domesticity, child-like wonder, nostalgic sentimentality and implicit violence. Some sculptures objects seem strangely grotesque, like creatures from another planet. Some installations seem uncannily familiar, as if the artist recalled your forgotten dream. Important Works and Accolades Femme Maison (Woman House), ca. 1945-47.Blind Leading the Blind, 1947-49.Louise Bourgeois in costume as Artemis of Ephesus, 1970Destruction of the Father, 1974.Cells Series, 1990s.Maman (Mother), 1999.Fabric Works, 2002-2010. Bourgeois received numerous awards, including a Life Time Achievement in Contemporary Sculpture Award in Washington D.C. in 1991, the National Medal of Arts in 1997, the French Legion of Honor in 2008 and induction into the National Womens Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls, New York in 2009.    Sources Munro, Eleanor. Originals: American Women Artists.  New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979. Cotter, Holland. Louise Bourgeois Influential Sculptor, Dies at 98, New York Times, June 1, 2010. Cheim and Read Gallery, bibliography. Louise Bourgeois (2008 retrospective), Guggenheim Museum, website Louise Bourgeois, exhibition catalogue, edited by Frank Morris and Marie-Laure Bernadac.  New York: Rizzoli, 2008. Film: Louise Bourgeois: The Spider, The Mistress and The Tangerine,  Produced and directed by Marion Cajori and Amei Wallach, 2008.

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 5

International Business - Essay Example People from one region within a country used to go to other regions to exchange goods. Different communities realized that there were other goods that they did not know and were available in long distances. This was realized when people from different regions travelled long distances in search for more resources. Word soon spread across the world and communities from different parts of the globe started to look for the different goods. There were goods that were more precious. Merchants went across the world just to get those goods. Such countries included China, India, America and Europe. International business started to blossom at that time leading to a number of civilizations. Domestic business or trade is a form of business, which is confined to the borders of a country. People within that country or territory buy goods and services within their borders. Domestic trade is usually good as it develops local infrastructure and also plays a role in enriching its own. This form of tr ade is probably the oldest form of trade. It was the main type of business in many parts of the world long before, merchants started to go to far lands. On the other hand, international business is business between countries. In this case, merchants from different countries exchange goods for money. Different countries are endowed differently. There are some that are good in industries while others have resources that can be used as raw materials for their industries. The country with industries, for example, would buy raw materials from the country with those resources. Money paid to the country with the resources would be used to buy industrial goods from the industrialized country. Ideally,what is sold to another country is export and what is received from another country is imports. The two countries benefit by getting what they did not have and foreign exchange (Curtin, 2002). One country can trade with many countries depending on its needs. Some countries have been found to im port much more than they import while others export much more than they import. Countries importing more are known as net importer countries, for example, the United States while countries that export more are known as net exporter countries, for example, Japan. International business has assisted many countries to develop and share with others. The unique characteristic of international business is that it also boosts domestic business in some way. Use of the terms domestic business and international business has been very confusing to some people in some scenarios. For example, there are some people who may argue, since domestic business is in certain territories or countries, then in countries with state government systems, the individual states experience both domestic and international trade in some way. Such people will argue that a State like California and Texas trading is international business. Nevertheless, different counties within California do domestic trading. Accordi ng to such people, interstate trade is the same as Britain and France trading (Curtin, 2002). This theory is true, to some extent, and wrong in another way. The different states in the United States represent some form of territorial jurisdiction. In fact, some states operate very differently from others. They have their own regulations for different things and differ from others. Each state has its own governing body that is responsible for drafting and passing policies. As such, the different countries of diverse

Car Safety Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Car Safety - Term Paper Example This paper will discuss a number of aspects of engineering and construction related to car safety such as car design, assembly, and equipment that eradicate or diminish car accidents. The History of Car Safety Car safety might have become a concern almost from the start of mechanized road vehicle expansion. The second artillery tractor that was powered by steam was produced by a Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot in the year 1771 and is described by some individuals to have crashed into a barricade through its demonstration run. On the other hand, Georges Ageon claims that the earliest declaration of this incident dates from the year1801, and it cannot be traced in any present-day accounts. The utilization of seat belts and cushion dashboards was advocated for in the year 1934, which led to the formation of the Automobile Safety League of America. The same year, GM undertook the initial barrier crash experiment. A number of experiments and addition of a number of items in the car through the year 1940 to date has developed the car design, assembly, and equipment for the eradication or reduction of car accidents (Hamer 156). Safety did not develop into a promotion point for novel cars until the late years of the 1980s, but it is without doubt now. There has been augmented public understanding of the relative efficiency of safety features within diverse models, which has been elevated by the prologue of self-sufficient crash tests, principally the New Car Assessment Program (NCAP), which is a global crash test establishment in which the NRMA, as well as other groupings are members. While noteworthy legislation, for example, the blood alcohol restrictions practice for driving has taken part in playing a key role in dropping road crash injury as well as deaths. However, to date, the seat belt is the development which has saved many human beings than any other (Jain 187). Active and Passive Car Safety Active safety refers to technology that supports in the avoidance of a crash w hile passive safety is a technology that supports in the avoidance of a crash to mechanisms of the vehicle such as airbags, seatbelts, as well as the physical construction of the car, which can aid in the protection of occupants when a crash occurs (Crandall, Bhalla & Madeley 234). Crash Evasion Systems Crash evasion systems and pieces of equipment assist the driver as well as the car itself to evade a crash. Cars are outfitted with a selection of lights as well as reflectors to mark their existence, position, distance across, length, and bearing of travel to put across the driver's intention and measures to other drivers. Crash evasion systems include the car's headlamp, which some have headlights that rotate with the obverse wheels of a car, revealing the pathway around a curve. Other evasion systems include front and back position lamps, turn warning signs, brake or stop lamps, repealing lamps, side marker lights, suspension systems, cars’ mirror, as well as reflectors. Dr iver Assistance Systems A division of crash evasion is driver support systems, which aid the driver to become aware of obstacles that are concealed and to manage the car. Driver support systems consist of mechanical braking systems that put a stop to or lessen the rigorousness of a crash. They utilize long and short array radar, to function efficiently at whichever

Cultural Competency of Nurses

Cultural Competency of Nurses 1.1 Cultural competency The commitment to equality in health care provision is ingrained within the core values of the health care profession and nurses are expected to fulfill these requirements. The Nursing and Midwifery Councils (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct clearly states that nurses must treat every patient as individual, respect their dignity and not to discriminate irrespective of age, ethnicity or cultural background (Husband and Torry 2004a). The NMC (2004) emphasises that culturally competent care is moral and legal requirement for nurses. Thus the requirement for the development of cultural competence is to be found within the NMC code of conduct. Josipovic (2000) points out that the delivery of individualised care, in consideration of religious and cultural requirements of Black and Ethnic Minorities (BME) patients can assist nurses to fulfill their obligations. However, there is no universal definition of cultural competence; Campinha-Bacote (2002) defines cultural competence as a process, which requires the health care professional to continuously attempt to gain the ability to work competently with the cultural context of the patient. Nevertheless Papadopoulas et. al. (1998) defines cultural competence as the ability to give effective care while taking into account patients specific cultural needs, behaviors and beliefs. Narayata definition Nonetheless, there has been significant discussion of different models of cultural competence in nursing literature (Gunaratnam, 2007). Campinha-Bacote (1998) model of cultural competence: the process of cultural competence in the delivery of health care service, identifies five essential constructor of cultural competence: Cultural awareness Cultural knowledge Cultural skill Culturally encounter Culturally desire Conversely the Papadopoulas et. al. (1998) model of developing cultural competence consists of four stages: Cultural awareness, Cultural knowledge, Cultural sensitivity and Cultural competent. Rosenjack Burchum (2002) identified the attributes of cultural competence as same as those of Papadopolos et al (1998) but adds cultural understanding, and cultural skill as essential attributes. Cultural competence is, according to Rosenjack Burchum (2002), the development of knowledge and skill manifested by the synthesis of the above attributes and their respective dimensions in human interaction. Although there is distinction in the models of cultural competence they all express common concern of three main components: cultural sensitivity, cultural knowledge and cultural skills (Gogwin et al. 2001). According to Garity (2000) cultural competence involves having understanding and sensitivity toward different cultural groups and factors that affect their lives such as immigration, discrimination and the possibility for these factors to improve or inhibit professional practice. Hence, for a nurse to become cultural competent s/he needs to develop an understanding of ones own cultural needs, views, beliefs, behavior and those of the patient while avoiding stereotyping and generalisation (http://www.culturediversity.org/cultcomp.htm). The aim is to ensure that the health care services and professionals are respectful and responsive to the health beliefs, practices, cultural and linguistic needs of diverse patients, which can help bring about positive health outcome (http://minori tyhealth.hhs.gov/templates/browse.aspx?lvl=2lvl). Cultural competency is a process that needs to be continuously developed in order to enhance ones ability to give affective health care (Papadopoulos 2006). All registered nurses have the responsibility to competently maintain professional knowledge and practice by ensuring up to date knowledge, skill and ability as well as safe and effective practice (NMC2008). Although the NMC clearly places the individual with the responsibility of developing cultural competence, it should be acknowledged that individuals alone cannot be held responsible for the delivery of culturally safe and competent health care service if insufficient resources are not made available (Husband and Torry, 2004a). Nonetheless, Dreher and MacNaughton (2002) described cultural competence as the same as nursing competence; the ability to deliver care individualised and therapeutic to each patient despite social context or cultural background, this being the signature of contemporary nursing. However, the basic principle of providing nursing care to culturally diverse populations is not an entirely new idea, as the need for such was recognised in the United States in the late 1800s (Davis, 1996) and was also recognized by Florence Nightingale when advising British nurses working in India (Wilkins, 1993). In the last century, most western countries saw significant changes in the make up of their populations due to increased trends in global migration that resulted in multiethnic and multi-religious societies. In the UK BME groups make up 7.9 % of the total population (Office for National Statistics, 2001). As the population becomes more diverse so does the complexity of the patients needs that the nurse must address (Black, 2008). Thus far, the need for the nurses to become culturally competent has become import (Black, 2008, Gunaratnam, 2007).The pertinent literature highlights that, in the last few decades, scholars and researchers have debated the issue relating to the delivery of appropriate nursing care to meet the needs of BME groups (refs). There is a growing body of evidence that show there are inadequacies in the nursing care provided to these groups (Vydelingum, 2006, Cortis, 2004) and concerns about ethnic disparities in health in the UK (Aspinall and Jacboson, 2004). Studi es on utilisation of hospital services by BME patients, in particular the elderly have consistently demonstrated level of dissatisfaction with the care provided from cultural and/or religious viewpoints (DoH, 2009; Clegg, 2003; Patel, 2001; Cortis, 2000, Vydelingum 2000) 1.2 BME Elders Nevertheless, the concept of the ageing population is one that has generated much discussion in the UK (Caldwell et al, 2008) as this age group is the main users of both health and social care services (Department of Health, 2001). While all older people have common needs and experiences of hospitals, the needs and experiences of the BME older people are shaped by their race and ethnicity (Ahmad, 1993; Blakemore and Boneham, 1994). Majority of todays BME elders are yesterdays young migrants from the commonwealth countries (Patel, 2001), who came to the UK during the 20th century as a result of government policy to fill labour shortage (Houston and Cowley, 2002). According to Evandrou, (2006) in 2001 4% of the BME population were over 65 and this number is rapidly rising, from approximately 60 000 in 1981 to about 360 000 in 2001-2002 (Butt and ONeil, 2004, Beaven, 2006) and is expected to increase in the next 15 years (Evandrou, 2000). These elderly groups have particularly been disadvantaged by the cumulative effect of age, race and inaccessibility to services (Norman, 1985). However, newly arrived migrants are likely to share similar concerns and experience in hospital care (Patel, 2001). The 2001 and earlier censuses show that health disparities exist in the UK and that levels of long term illness are higher in older BME groups than in the general population (From A Szczepura 2005).Older people from BME are report more chronic illnesses such as cardio-vascular disease, diabetes, hypertension and stroke when compared to the majority (Tilke, 1998; Ebrahim, 1999; Evandrou, 2000b). An appreciation of the health care needs of this group is vital in understanding the difficulties they face in accessing health care services (Toofany, 2007). One occurring theme connected with old age and ethnicity that has been repeatedly identified from the1980s until today is the lack of urgency over government action for the group (Norman, 1985, Patel, 1990, Lindesay, 1997, Patel, 2001). The Policy Research Institution on Aging and Ethnicity (PRIAE) highlights that these groups are not normally considered in old age research (Patel, 2003). Hoong Sin, (2003) points out that BME older people in the UK are disadvantaged by the lack of a reliable sampling frame. Although there are few national studies, most research projects are small and involve localised samples (Hoong Sin 2003). Therefore the infrastructure for doing research with such population groups is inadequately set up (Hoon Sin, 2003). In PRIAEs view we have had too much discussion, action is overdue (Patel, 2001). This information suggests that BME elderly groups have never been a priority on the agenda for research or policy makers in the health care services. Saleh (2009) su ggests that the introduction of the Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 increased pressure on health care organisations to adapt services to ensure equitable access for local all BME groups. On the other hand, Department of Health (DoH) ensures that reducing health disadvantage and social exclusion for BME elders is central to UK health and social policy (DoH, 2001b). The DoH made specific commitments, in the National Standards, Local Action, to improve quality of service for BME where they are disadvantaged in terms of health (refs). This approach according to Papadopoulos et al. (2006) is a sign that the NHS is undergoing modernization. Unfortunately, the last two National Patient Survey Programme reports (2008 2009) show the experiences of all BME groups (with the exception of those from the Irish community) are significantly less likely to be positive than those of the indigenous populations. From a nursing aspect this outcome questions the nurses competence in delivering culturally appropriate care. The literature available identifies cultural competency as one of the main factor that can help cease the inequalities in health care system (refs). According to Papadopoulos et al. (1999) although mention of the term cultural competence in DoH and National Health Services (NHS) documents has increased, there is no attention to what this actually means for patients or nurses and how it could be measured. Having and implementing clear, strong policies on race and equality is essential for health and social care organisations but this has to be supported with training and education (PRIAE, 2005). Consequently, Dreher and MacNaughton (2002) doubted whether cultural knowledge translated into culturally specific care would necessarily result in improved clinical outcomes or the reduction of health disparities. 2. The review Aim and Research Strategies 2.1 Aim Nurses are at the front line of care for BME older people in hospital therefore it is important that the care delivered is in line with what is viewed as appropriate by the patients to their needs. The Department of Health openly acknowledges that much remains to be done in terms of measuring older patients experiences of the process of care, respect, dignity, information and education (Shaw and Wilson, 2008). This review, therefore, intends to bring together the literature concerning nurses views of what is essential in delivering culturally appropriate care to BME older patients as well as this groups expectations and experiences of nursing care. The aim is to explore the cultural competency of nurses in caring for BME elderly patients in Hospital setting. 2.2 Search Strategy (Include: inclusion/exclusion criteria, databases searched, keywords, languages and inclusive dates of the literature searched.) Search Term Search was carried out using combination of keywords such as Nurses, Cultural Competence/Awareness/Sensitivity, Geriatric, Elderly/Older, Black and Minority Ethnic and Experiences/Views. Furthermore, concepts relevant to hospital care such as Dignity, Respect and Appropriate Care were searched in combination with the above key terms. Databases The electronic databases British Nursing Index, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Assia and Cochrane Library were searched to identify peer-reviewed literature published in the English language between 1990 and 2010 that are UK based. The databases yielded XXX potential studies relevant to the topic under review. Further search was conducted in the World Wide Web using the same key words and it produced xxx studies. The websites of the Department of Health, Transcultural Nursing Society, Royal Collage of Nursing and relevant Third Sector Organisations such as Age Concern, and PRIAE were also accessed which yielded XXX literature. Further literature was gained from the reference and the bibliography of the gathered data as well as the library of the University. The titles and abstracts of the obtained literature were examined and studies focusing on care provided by nurses to BME elderly patients as well as studies examining the views/experiences of hospital care by this particular geriatric group were selected. For the purpose of the literature review an older person is defined as person older than 50 years. NSF considers an older person as a person who is over the age of 50 years. Yet, a limited numbers of studies (how many) about BME elders in hospital setting were identified. For this reason studies focusing on the topic that had a wide range of age sample group i.e. 30-80 were included as it would assist in identifying additional pertinent literature. In total, XX studies were identified to meet the inclusion criteria for the literature review. The literature selected were mainly primary empirical studies using qualitative approach. A qualitative research aims to understand the feelings, values, and perceptions that under lie and influence behavior (xxxx). Therefore the use of a qualitative methodology is seen to be appropriate as all the studies examine the experiences of the BME patients through their own eyes and those of the nurses (from internet). 2.3 Critical Appraisal of Three Qualitative Studies on the Experiences of Nurses in Caring for BME Patients and BME patients Experiences of Nursing Care Cortis (2004) Meeting the Needs of Minority Ethnic Patients Clegg (2003) Older South Asian patients and Care Perceptions of Culturally Sensitive Care In a Community Hospital Setting Hamilton and Essat (2008) Minority Ethnic Users Experiences and Expectations of Nursing Using Caldwells frameworks for critiquing health research, the three above stated studies will be analyzed systematically and supporting/contradicting evidence from other studies will be offered. WHY USE THIS FRAME WORK? Following the discussion of the review themes will be identified. Title Although the title of the study of Cortis is brief and conveys the nature of the study (Polit and Beck, 2010), it could be viewed as misleading as it gave the impression that the sample group was representative of different communities of BME groups. However, the study specifically focuses on the Pakistani ethnic community. Conversely, the titles of the researches by Clegg (2003) and Hamilton and Essat (2008) are short, accurate and clearly specifies what and who is being studied while reflecting the study content (Burns, 2000). The Researchers Academic and Professional Qualification The authors of the three researches have particular interest about the topic in question, which gives the assumption that they are familiar or have professional insights. The qualification (PhD, MsC) of the researchers is relevant as it indicates that they are competent and have creditability to carry out researches. Further evidence to support researchers knowledge and interest of the topic was demonstrated as they are all nurses with extensive experience; Cortis is a senior lecturer at the University of Leeds with Qualitative Research interest in ethnicity and BME issues. Clegg is a consultant in older peoples services and intermediate care at Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust. Hamilton was a principal lecturer at De Montfort University with research interests in multi-ethnic care and Essat was research assistant at the same university working on a project exploring the educational preparation of student nurses to work in a culturally diverse way. Abstract and Rationale A qualitative study must offer an abstract containing summary of study aim/objectives, research approach, methods adapted and the result of the study including the clinical applications (Cormack, 1996). Bellow the abstract there should be key words related to the study offering the reader an overview of the research question. All studies have offered a comprehensive abstract with key words relevant to their topics. Clear rationale for undertaking the study was given by all researchers; Cortis rationale was the fact that there is little exploration of nurses experiences of caring for specific BME community while Cleggs rationale was that there is a lack of research defining the concept of cultural sensitive care from patient/care perspective. Lastly, the rationale provided by Hamilton and Asset is that, nationally, there is an evidence to suggest that care provided doesnt always meet the needs of BME patients. LR All three researchers did review pertinent literature (classics up to date), which was evident in the studies as well as the reference list. According to Doordan (1999) the literature offered should have discussed and critically reviewed related literature to find out what questions remains to be answered. Nevertheless, only Clegg (2003) provided a separate section for LR, which she must be praised for (Morse, 1994). In grounded theory studies, researchers start with data collection first and as the data is analysed and as the theory takes shape researchers then begin to search the literature in order to link it to the emerging theory (Polit and Beck, 2010), which was evident in Cleggs study. Aim The three studies clearly identify and justify their aims. Cortiss (2004) argues that in a number of studies BME are seen as homogeneous therefore the aim of his study is to investigate a specific communitys uniqueness: the experiences of nurses caring for Pakistani patients in north England. However, this aim is inconsistence with the title of study, which clearly treats BME as a homogeneously. WHAT DOES THIS MEAN? While the aim of the Clegg (2003), was to identify older south Asian patients and carers perception of culturally sensitive care. Lastly, the aim of the research by Hamilton and Asset (2008) was to give the minority ethnic groups the opportunity to voice their opinions on nursing care and to inform future nursing education. Ethical Issues Both Cortis and Clegg clearly highlight that permission to do the study was sought from the Local Research Ethics Committee (LREC), which is an imperative step before conducting any research. However, Hamilton and Essat (2008) omit to mention whether appropriate approval was gained from LRECs; who exist to examine proposed research projects in order to guard peoples rights and interests (Cormack, 2000). All the researchers have to be praised for specifying the process and purpose of the study was explained to the participants before the study in order to obtain informed consent. Cortis (2004) clearly specifies that assurance was given to maintain confidentiality and anonymity of the sample group, which is something Hamilton and Essat (2008) fail to address in their study. Both Cortis and Hamilton Asset dont comment on the associated ethical issues of autonomy, non-maleficience and beneficence, (Cormack, 20000). Nevertheless, Clegg considered the vulnerability of the participants (Gerrish and Lacey 2006, Speziale and Carpenter 2007) and therefore committed to the ethical principles of autonomy, non-maleficience and beneficence (RCN, 2004), but fails to mention how confidentiality and anonymity was maintained. Clegg showed sensitivity towards the participants by informing them the voluntary nature of the research with the option of being able to withdraw at any time. This implies a non-coerciveness approach which was important in this study as this was vulnerable group. Conversely, The three studies inform that permission was sought from the participant to audio-tape the interviews but omit to identify where data was stored and the disposal procedure used (Polit and Beck, 2008). This supports the premise that data used for a particular project should not be used for another without consent (Gerrish and Lacey, 2006). Methodological Both Cortis and Hamilton Essat (2008) fail to specify that the method used was phenomenological-exploratory, which is useful when studying individuals lived experiences (Crookes and Davies, 1998). The main methodological strength of using phenomenological in these studies is that it is an inductive and holistic approach that looks at what occurs within (Crookes and Davies, 1998). Both of the studies focus was on the unique experiences of providing care by nurses to BME patients and perception of BME older patient views/expectations of nursing care. The biggest methodological limitation for using phenomenological in these studies is that it is labour intensive and time consuming for the researchers in terms of data collection and analysis (Crookes and Davies, 1998). Clegg, on the other hand, identifies the methodology utilized as grounded theory, which is useful when studying individuals XXXX (GG). Methodological strength associated with the use of this approach in this study is xxxx x. Methodological weakness associated with the use of this approach in this study is The three studies clearly identify the major concepts of the design used and their concepts, which are what? Sampling Technique and method According to Polit and Beck, (2010) in qualitative research there is no rule for sample size as long as data saturation achieved. The sample number (n=30) used by Cortis was considered to be suitable for qualitative research (Cormack 1999) why? However, the sample number by Clegg was four patients and three relatives. Clegg states in her study that she is not sure if data saturation has been achieved. Morse (2000 in polit and beck book) suggests that number of participants required to reach saturation is a firmed by number of factors, such as the wider the research question the more participants necessary. This gives the impression that the sample size could have been too small for the scope of the research question hence why saturation was not reached (Morse 2000) possibly due to time or budget constraints (ref). Sampling number for Hamilton and Essat: six focus groups, member of which range from 8 to 15 (? large sample number for qualitative). All three researches state how many participants were recruited and from where; areas with high population of BME. Cortis participants were recruited from a large acute hospital in north England and Clegg recruited this sample from a two community Hospital inner city and Hamilton and Essat recruited their sample of 6 diverse BME communities groups. The researchers must be praised for providing a clear indication of inclusive/exclusive criteria, in the process of recruiting participants. In contrast the three studies fail to identify the sampling methods and techniques used but inferred from the research studies is that non-probability method of purposive sampling was employed (Cormack, 1996). The method of purposive/judgmental sampling relies on the belief that researcher have enough knowledge about the population to be able to pick sample members (Polit and Bechk, 2010). The main strength associated with the use of purposive sampling in these studies is that the researchers purposively choose the participants knowing they would give relevant information about the topic in question (Polit and Beck, 2008). However, one main limitation is that this technique relies upon the researchers knowledge of cultural competence of nurses (Polit and Beck, 2008). Method of Data Collection All researchers collected data by audio taping interview and transcription. Cortis, Clegg and Hamilton Assset adapted different types qualitative self-reporting technique, which is flexible in gathering self-reported information as it allows the participants to express their views in a naturalistic way (Polit and Beck, 2008). Data collection is described by Cortis as semi-structured interviews and supplementary questions to follow-up for clarification. Cortis informs that most interviews were done in the clinical area; implying that participant had choice of venue, which he must be commend for. However, he omits to state where the rest of the interviews were done. WHY IS VITAL TO GIVE PARTICIPANTS CHOICE OF VENUE? Nevertheless, Cleggs choice of data collection was unstructured interview that were done in the first language of the interviewee. Cross validation of the taped interviews was under taken by a second linguist. Both Cortis and Clegg fail to point out who/how many people performed the interview. Interview performed by one person provides uniformity and consistency (Denscombe, 2003). On the contrary, method of data collection used by Hamilton and Essat was focus group, which was sub-divided into 6 groups where each group had facilitator. The advantage with use of this method in this study is it can generate a lot of dialogue but the disadvantage is that not everyone is comfortable experiences their experiences/view in front of others (Polit and Beck, 2010). Overall, an advantage associated with the use of all interview technique utilized is that the interviewer can observe the participants non-verbal responses, which can provide valuable information (Burns 2000). Some of the main methodological limitation with the use of this method in these studies is that it was done in face to face, which could jeopardize the participants anonymity since they were identifiable for the interviewer (Cormack, 1996). Method of Data Analysis All the researches used thematic content analysis, which is creditable method of data collection (xxxx). Only Hamilton and Asset clearly stated the method used and who analysed the data: two members of the team. What does this mean for the research? Cortis transcribed the interviews himself to became personally immersed in the information. What does this mean for the research? Clegg points out that Micro-analysis of the data were used to identify categories but fail to say who analysed data. Having different people conducting the interview and the analysis of the texts can have an impact on the richness of the analysis performed (Strauss and Corbin, 1998). Nonetheless, steps were taken by all researchers to uphold the rigour of the interpretation by checking the transcript with the participants to ensure correctness, which gave the data conformability and credibility (Forchuk and Roberts, 1993). They also must be praised for indicating that the data was analysed systematically in several steps. However, they all fail to state the type of qualitative software used to categorise the information i.e. Ethnograph and if it was positive or negative to the analysis (Barnard, 1991). (Clegg: Triangulation was introduced into the process of data analysis, which was carried out by a colleague from India). The methodological strength linked to the utilisation of this thematic content analysis in these studies is that it is commonly used in qualitative research and is suitable the three study aims. Limitation would be this analysis includes gathering statements on the bases of similarity and frequency with the aim of making them to themes (Barnard, 1991). It could be argued that by doing so the researchers are using a quantities method of analysis for qualitative data as each data is not being treated uniquely (Barnard, 1991). Study Results The three studies identified themes based on the participants experience which implies themes were not based on presumption authors (Cormack, 1996). Each studies result relate to its aim, which they must be praised for. The finding of each study uses the participants precise statement from the interview, which demonstrates analytical points and allows the reader to hear the voices of the participants. This demonstrates conformability and credibility (Burns, 2000) and lets the reader to get in-depth understanding of topics in discussion (Morse1196). Hamilton and Essats results highlight the view held by BME groups regarding nursing communitys lack of knowledge of cultural and religious beliefs. Cortiss findings agree with this as majority of the nurse participants did not deem that the provision of care was affected by culture and spirituality/religion was viewed narrowly by identifying the need for patients to perform prayers with no lack of recognition of other religious requirements. Participants in Cleggs study described the fundamental importance of religion and its effect on health and hospitalization. Other references re culture and religion to be added. All three studies highlighted communicational problem between patients and nurses, which as an issue hinders the development of relationship. However, problems in this area have been covered in many other studies such as (add referennces)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. And proposals and provisions to address them have been made by the DoH in order to reduce health inequalities (reference). Study Discussion All researchers offer a comprehensive discussion of their topics while comparing and contrasting their results relating to themes with other similar literature, which puts their finding in context making it more objective (Meltzoff, 1998). However, only Clegg specifies the study limitation which was the sample size- a larger sample size would have enhanced the probability of reaching saturation and increase the importance of the finding. Conclusion The three studies offer comprehensive conclusions which summarises the main results while suggesting area of further research or implementation. Cortis suggests that holism needs further conceptualization as his study highlighted nurses understanding of culture as part of holistic care was superficial, which presents a challenge for educators, nursing management, researchers and nursing practice in general. Clegg suggested further research needs to be carried out in order to define the nature of culturally sensitive services. She also points out that nurses understanding of culture and cultural sensitivity needs clarification. Hamilton and Asset suggests that nursing education must ensure that nurses initial training and post training education prepares them to become culturally understanding and sensitive. It could be argued that these three studies make useful recommendation for practice for nurses working with BME patients, which are based on education and research on cultural sensitivity. The three studies suggests that nurses are not culturally competent as required by professional bodies and the Government (English National Board for Nursing and Midwifery and Health Visiting 1997, DoH, 1997, United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting 1999, Quality Assurence Agency 2001). Cortis (2004) conducted a phenomenological study investigating the experiences of 30 registered nurses who had nursed Pakistani patients in a large acute hospital in north England within the last three months. Semi-structure interviews and supplementary questions to follow up were the main method of da

Pantawid Pamilya Report

PANTAWID PAMILYANG PILIPINO PROGRAM (Conditional Cash Transfer in the Philippines) HISTORY Pantawid Program started in 2008 is one of the responses of the Philippine Government to the challenge of meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The program works to attain 5 out of the 8 MDGs namely: Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women Goal 4: Reduce child mortality Goal 5: Improve maternal healthThis version of the government of the Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) was patterned after the successful poverty reduction and social development measures of some Latin and Caribbean countries: |Country |Name of Program |Year Started | |Brazil |Bolsa Familia |1995 | |Mexico |Progresa/Oportunidades |1997 | |Colombia |Familias en Accion |2000 | |Honduras |Programa de Asignacion Familiar |2000 | |Nicaragua |Red de Protection Social |2000 | |Jamaica |Program for Advancement through Health and E ducation |2001 | |Chile |Chile Solidario |2002 | Poverty in the Philippines affects 27. 9 million Filipinos. This translates to 4. 7 million families that are poverty-stricken. 30% of the total population is unable to meet their basic food and non-food requirements and they do not avail of the basic health services. 1. 9 million families are unable to get the food needed for nutritional health and well-being of their members, especially young children. With these data, the Philippine government came up with its own version of the conditional cash transfer program. OBJECTIVES Short Term Objective †¢ Social Assistance gt; Provide assistance to the poor to alleviate their immediate needs. Long Term Objective †¢ Social Development >Break the intergenerational cycle of poverty through investment in human capital i. e. , education, health and nutrition. BENEFICIARIES/TARGET POPULATION Eligible beneficiaries include the following: 1. Residents of the poorest municipalities based on 2003 Small Area Estimates (SAE) of NSCB; 2. Households whose economic condition is equal to or below the provincial poverty threshold. 3. Households that have children 0-14 years old and/or have a pregnant woman at the time of assessment; 4. Households that agree to meet conditions specified in the program. REGION |NO. OF PROVINCES |NO. OF CITIES/ |NO. OF HOUSEHOLDS | | | |MUNICIPALITIES | | |REGION I |4 |35 |35,330 | |REGION II |4 |23 |25,574 | |REGION III |7 |41 |31,183 |REGION IV-A |5 |70 |105,981 | |REGION IV-B |5 |61 |141,266 | |REGION V |6 |93 |262,291 | |REGION VI |7 |86 |187,813 | |REGION VII |4 |61 |145,349 | |REGION VIII |5 |95 |179,692 | |REGION IX |3 |67 |209,593 | |REGION X |5 |82 |214,060 | |REGION XI |4 |34 |130,521 | |REGION XII |4 |34 |163,149 | |CARAGA |5 |70 |148,520 | |ARMM |5 |99 |258,738 | |CAR |6 |42 |26,274 | |NCR |0 |17 |73,727 | |TOTAL |79 |1,010 |2,339,060 | **as of 3rd quarter of 2011(set 1-4) PROGRAM STRATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES The program provides con ditional cash grants to beneficiaries, through Landbank cash card, to wit: ? Health and Nutrition ? P6,000 per year or P500 per month per household ? Education ? P3,000 per year or P300 per month per child for 10 months a year, to a maximum of 3 children per household Program Conditionalities (Co-responsibility of the Household) HEALTH AND NUTRITION †¢ Pregnant Household Member ? Visit their local health center to avail of pre- and post-natal care. Avail of appropriate delivery services by a skilled health professional. ? Avail at least one post-natal care within 6 weeks after childbirth. †¢ Children 0-5 Years Old ? Visit the health center to avail immunization. ? Have monthly weight monitoring and nutrition counseling for children aged 0-2 years old. ? Have quarterly weight monitoring for 25 to 73 weeks old. ? Have management of childhood diseases for sick children. †¢ Children 6-14 Years Old ? Must receive deworming pills twice a year. EDUCATION †¢ Children 3-5 years old ? enrolled in day care or pre-school program and maintain a class attendance rate of at least 85% per month. †¢ Children 6-14 years old enrolled in elementary and secondary school and maintain a class attendance rate of at least 85% per month. ISSUES AND CONCERNS Dole-out ? No, it is a social contract between the beneficiary and the government and it is a development program that invests in human capital. It is a conditional payment and the beneficiaries must meet specific conditions before they can get the cash assistance. It encourages them to invest in the future, their own, and those of their children. Inclusion Error ? Ineligible households were asked to voluntarily waive from the program. This includes households who have a regular income like teachers and other professionals.

Kids, Work and An Essay Samples

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